76 research outputs found
NuSTAR View of TeV Blazar Mrk 501
We report the results of flux and spectral variability studies of all seven
{\it Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR)} observations of TeV
ray emitting blazar Markarian (or Mrk) 501. We found strong evidence
of intraday variability in 3-79 keV X-ray light curves (LCs) of Mrk 501 during
four out of these seven observations. We examined spectral variability using a
model-independent hardness-ratio analysis and found a general
"harder-when-brighter" behaviour in two observations. We also investigated the
nature of 3-79 keV X-ray spectra of TeV blazar Mrk 501 and found that five out
of seven spectra are well described by the curved log-parabola models with
photon indices (at 10 keV) 2.12-2.32 and a curvature
0.15-0.28. The two other spectra are somewhat better represented by simple
power-law models with photon indices 2.70 and 2.75. We briefly discuss
available physical models to explain our results.Comment: 13 pages, 3 figures, 3 tables, published in special issue "X-Ray Flux
and Spectral Variability of Blazars" of Galaxies journa
X-ray Intraday Variability of Five TeV Blazars with NuSTAR
We have examined 40 NuSTAR light curves (LCs) of five TeV emitting high
synchrotron peaked blazars: 1ES 0229+200, Mrk 421, Mrk 501, 1ES 1959+650 and
PKS 2155-304. Four of the blazars showed intraday variability in the NuSTAR
energy range of 3-79 keV. Using an auto correlation function analysis we
searched for intraday variability timescales in these LCs and found indications
of several between 2.5 and 32.8 ks in eight LCs of Mrk 421, a timescale around
8.0 ks for one LC of Mrk 501, and timescales of 29.6 ks and 57.4 ks in two LCs
of PKS 2155-304. The other two blazars' LCs do not show any evidence for
intraday variability timescales shorter than the lengths of those observations,
however, the data was both sparser and noisier, for them. We found positive
correlations with zero lag between soft (3-10 keV) and hard (10-79 keV) bands
for most of the LCs, indicating that their emissions originate from the same
electron population. We examined spectral variability using a hardness ratio
analysis and noticed a general "harder-when-brighter" behavior. The 22 LCs of
Mrk 421 observed between July 2012 and April 2013 show that this source was in
a quiescent state for an extended period of time and then underwent an
unprecedented double peaked outburst while monitored on a daily basis during 10
- 16 April 2013. We briefly discuss models capable of explaining these blazar
emissions.Comment: 21 pages, 4 figures, 4 tables, Accepted for Publication in Ap
In vitro evaluation of Trichoderma species for virulence efficacy on Botryodiplodia palmarum
Trichoderma species are well known for their antagonistic activity against number of phytopathogens. They restrict the growth of pathogens by variety of means like parasitism, release of antibiotic volatile and non-volatile metabolites. The studies aimed to screen and evaluate the growth inhibition potential of six Trichoderma species against Botryodiplodia palmarum under laboratory conditions. The results revealed 37.56-61.95% growth inhibition of B. palmarum in dual culture, 12.59-43.46% and 4.38-78.08% respectively by the release of volatile and non-volatile metabolites. The growth inhibition was increased with period of incubation and concentration of culture filtrate of Trichoderma species in the culture media. Trichoderma harzianum was most effective among the selected species
Spectral Characterization of Himalayan Near-Fault Ground Motion
Near-Fault Ground Motion (NFGM) spectral characteristics of three moderate-sized Himalayan earthquakes, viz., the 1986 Dharamsala earthquake (Mw = 5:5), the 1991 Uttarkashi earthquake (Mw = 6:8), and the 1999 Chamoli earthquake (Mw = 6:5) have been studied from the 33 available strong ground motion recordings. Pulse characteristics of fault-normal components in terms of pulse-periods and pulse-indicators have been extracted adopting wavelet analysis. Seven mother wavelets were used in the analysis, and it was found that db4 and db7 mother wavelets were more efficient in extracting the pulse-type characteristics. NFGM spectra, at Bhatwari and Gopeshwar stations, showed higher spectral amplitudes in the velocity-sensitive and acceleration-sensitive regions compared to Indian codal response spectra. This is attributed to high PGV/PGA ratios. The study shows that NFGM leads to widening of acceleration-sensitive region, and the structures that are designed according to the Indian seismic code as flexible structures shall behave as stiff structures when subjected to NFGM
Electronic states of PrCoO: X-ray photoemission spectroscopy and LDA+U density of states studies
Electronic states of PrCoO are studied using x-ray photoemission
spectroscopy. Pr 3d core level and valence band (VB) were recorded
using Mg K source. The core level spectrum shows that the 3d
level is split into two components of multiplicity 4 and 2, respectively due to
coupling of the spin states of the hole in 3d with Pr 4f holes spin
state. The observed splitting is 4.5 eV. The VB spectrum is interpreted using
density of states (DOS) calculations under LDA and LDA+U. It is noted that LDA
is not sufficient to explain the observed VB spectrum. Inclusion of on-site
Coulomb correlation for Co 3d electrons in LDA+U calculations gives DOS which
is useful in qualitative explanation of the ground state. However, it is
necessary to include interactions between Pr 4f electrons to get better
agreement with experimental VB spectrum. It is seen that the VB consists of Pr
4f, Co 3d and O 2p states. Pr 4f, Co 3d and O 2p bands are highly mixed
indicating strong hybridization of these three states. The band near the Fermi
level has about equal contributions from Pr 4f and O 2p states with somewhat
smaller contribution from Co 3d states. Thus in the Zaanen, Sawatzky, and Allen
scheme PrCoO can be considered as charge transfer insulator. The charge
transfer energy can be obtained using LDA DOS calculations and the
Coulomb-exchange energy U' from LDA+U. The explicit values for PrCoO are
= 3.9 eV and U' = 5.5 eV; the crystal field splitting and 3d bandwidth
of Co ions are also found to be 2.8 and 1.8 eV, respectively.Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures; to appear J. Phys.: Condens. Matte
- …